{"id":1458,"date":"2023-05-09T19:03:46","date_gmt":"2023-05-09T19:03:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/2023\/05\/09\/notes-on-infinite-series\/"},"modified":"2023-05-09T19:03:46","modified_gmt":"2023-05-09T19:03:46","slug":"notes-on-infinite-series","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/2023\/05\/09\/notes-on-infinite-series\/","title":{"rendered":"Notes on Infinite Series"},"content":{"rendered":"

The resident nominalist writes,<\/span><\/p>\n

Your post<\/a> generated a lot of interest. What I have to say now is better put as a separate post, rather than a long comment. Feel free to post.<\/span><\/p>\n

1) Plural reference provides a means of dealing with numbers-of-things without introducing extra unwanted entities such as sets. Even realists agree that we should not have more entities than necessary, the disagreement is about what is \u2018necessary\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n

BV: We agree that entities  should not be multiplied beyond necessity, i.e., beyond what is needed for explanatory purposes. The disagreement, if any, will concern what is needed.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Using plural quantification we can postulate the existence of an infinite number-of-things. We simply postulate that for any<\/em> number-of-things, there is at least one other thing. That gives a larger number-of-things, which itself is covered by the quantifier \u2018any\u2019, hence there must be a still larger number-of-things,  etc.<\/span><\/p>\n

BV: You give no example, so let me supply one. Consider the series of positive integers: 1, 2, 3 . . . n, n + 1, . . . . Given 1, we can generate the rest using the successor function: S(n) = n + 1.  I used the word 'generate' since it comports well with your intuition that there are no actual infinities, and that therefore every infinity is merely potential.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) In this way we neatly distinguish between actual and potential infinity. Using plural quantification, we can prove that there is no plural reference for \u2018all the things\u2019. For that would be a number-of-things, hence there must be an even larger number-of-things, which contradicts the supposition that we had all the things.<\/span><\/p>\n

BV: Your argument is rather less than pellucid. Here is the best I can do by way of reconstructing your argument:<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

a) If the plural term, 'all the positive integers,' refers to something, then  it refers to a completed totality of generated integers. But<\/span><\/p>\n

b) There is no completed totality of generated integers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Therefore, by modus tollens<\/em>,<\/span><\/p>\n

c) It is not the case that 'all the positive integers' refers to something.<\/span><\/p>\n

Therefore<\/span><\/p>\n

d) There is no actually infinite set of positive integers.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

If that is your argument, then it begs the question at line (b). One man's modus tollens<\/em> is another man's modus ponens<\/em>.  If the above is not your argument, tell me what your argument is. So far, then, a stand-off.<\/span><\/p>\n

4) In this way we also avoid the pathological results of Cantorean set theory. If there is a set of natural numbers, then this is also a number, but it cannot itself be a natural number, so it is the first \u2018transfinite number\u2019. The nominalist approach avoids such weird numbers.<\/span><\/p>\n

BV: But surely polemical verbiage is out of place in such serene precincts as we now occupy. You cannot shame<\/em> Cantor's results out of existence by calling them 'pathological' or 'weird.' Most if not all working mathematicians accept them, no?<\/span><\/p>\n

5) The problem for the nominalist arises when in trying to explain the sum of an infinite series, e.g. 1 + \u00bd + \u00bc + \u215b \u2026  The realist wants to argue that unless this series is \u2018completed\u2019, we don\u2019t have all the members, so the sum will amount to less than 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

BV: Note that the formula for the series is 1\/2n <\/sup>where n<\/em> is a natural number with 0 being the first natural number.  Recall that any number raised to the zeroth power = 1.  (If you need to bone up on this, see here<\/a>.)<\/span><\/p>\n

Question for our nominalist: what does '1\/2n<\/sup>' refer to? Can't be a set! And it can't be a property! Does it refer to nothing? Then so does '1-1\/2n.' How then explain the difference between the two formulae (rules) for generating two different infinite series?<\/span><\/p>\n

Or more simply, consider n<\/em>. It is a variable. It has values and substituends. The values are the natural numbers. Only the ones we counted up to, or generated thus far? No, all of them. The ones we have actually counted up to in a finite number of countings, and the rest which are the possible objects of counting. The variable is a one-over-the-many of its values, and a one-over-the-many of its substituends, which are numerals, not numbers.  Numerals bring in the type-token distinction.  And so I will ask the nominalist what linguistic types are. Are they sets? No. Are they properties? No. What then?<\/span><\/p>\n

6) It\u2019s a difficult question for the nominalist, but here is my attempt to resolve it. Start with the notion of non-overlapping parts. Two non-overlapping parts have no part that is part of the other. Then there can be a number of non-overlapping parts such that there is no other such part, i.e. these are \u2018all\u2019 such parts.<\/span><\/p>\n

BV: OK.<\/span><\/p>\n

7) Then suppose we have a method of defining the parts. Start with a line of length 2. Note that the nominalist is OK here with the existence of lines, because lines are real things and not artificially constructed entities like \u2018sets\u2019. And suppose we can divide the line into two non-overlapping parts of equal length, i.e.,  a part of length 1, and another part of the same length.<\/span><\/p>\n

BV:  You shouldn't say that sets are artificially constructed. After all, you think numbers are artificially constructed, no? They  are artifacts of counting. Your beef is with abstract<\/em> objects, not artificial objects. Sets are abstract particulars. You oppose them for that reason. As a nominalist you hold that everything is a concrete particular. (Or am I putting words in your mouth?)<\/span><\/p>\n

Second, y<\/span>ou are ignoring the difference between a geometrical line and a line drawn with pencil on paper, say. The latter is a physical line, which is actually a 3-D object with length, width and depth. In addition to its pure geometrical properties, it has physical and chemical properties. It is a physical line in physical space. The former is not a physical line, but an ideal line: it has length, but no width or depth. Ideal lines are not in physical space. Suppose physical space, the space of nature, is non-Euclidean. Then Euclidean lines are obviously not in physical space. But even if physical space is Euclidean, Euclidean lines would still not be in physical space.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8. So the proposition \u201c2 = 1+1\u201d says that a line of length two can be divided into two equal non-overlapping parts. Then suppose that we divide the second part into two equal parts. Thus \u201c2 = 1 + \u00bd + \u00bd\u201d says that the line can be divided into three non-overlapping parts, one of length 1, and the other two equal. Do the same again, thus 2 = 1 + \u00bd + \u00bc + \u00bc. And again and again!<\/span><\/p>\n

BV: An obvious point is that the arithmetical proposition '2 = 1 + 1' is not about lines only.  It could be about a two-degree linear cool-down of a poker. (I am thinking about Wittgenstein's famous poker-brandishing incident.)  It could be about anything. Two pins. An angel on a pin joined by another.<\/span><\/p>\n

Besides, "2 = 1 + 1" cannot be about the non-overlapping parts of a particular line, the one you drew in the sand. It is about a geometrical line, which is an ideal or abstract object.  The theorem of Pythagoras is not about the right triangle you drew on the blackboard with chalk; it is about the ideal right triangle that the triangle you drew merely approximates to.<\/span><\/p>\n

9. It is clear that for every<\/em> such division, the parts \u2018add up\u2019 to the same number, i.e. 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

10. Then consider what the proposition \u201c2 = 1 + \u00bd + \u00bc + \u215b \u2026 \u201c expresses. Surely that every<\/em> such series, however extended, has a sum of 2. Do we need the notion of a \u2018set\u2019? No.<\/span><\/p>\n

BV: I don't see how this answers the question that you yourself raised in #5 above. What makes it the case that the series you mention actually<\/em> has a sum of 2? The most you can say is that series potentially has a sum of  2.  The Cantorean does not face this problem because he can say that there is an actual infinity of compact fractions that sums to 2. No endless task needs to be performed to get to the sum.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The resident nominalist writes, Your post generated a lot of interest. What I have to say now is better put as a separate post, rather than a long comment. Feel free to post. 1) Plural reference provides a means of dealing with numbers-of-things without introducing extra unwanted entities such as sets. Even realists agree that … Continue reading “Notes on Infinite Series”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[475,476,481],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1458","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-infinity","category-mathematics","category-set-theory"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1458","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1458"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1458\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1458"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1458"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maverickphilosopher.blog\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1458"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}